There are many causes of a sore throat. They range from infections, inflammation and trauma to cancer. Infections of the tonsils, throat and sinuses can all lead to a sore throat. Inflammatory causes may include allergies or acid reflux which may cause some swelling and irritation of the throat lining. Trauma related events such as a scratch from something sharp in food, intubation during surgery may contribute to varying degrees of a sore throat.
Throat cancer occurs more frequently in individuals with a significant history of smoking or drinking. However, it may still occur in people with no history of smoking or drinking. HPV related throat cancers have been occurring at a higher rates over the last 20-30 years. Aside from a possible sore throat, throat cancer may be associated with weight loss, ear pain, changes in voice and a palpable neck mass or node.
Evaluation for throat cancer may involve a flexible laryngoscopy, bloodwork, a CT scan of the neck with IV contrast, and surgical biopsies of tissues suspected to be involved in cancer.